Словникові типи метафори ГНІВ-ЗЛІСТЬ в українській мові

Abstract

This chapter analyzes how ANGER is conceptualized in Ukrainian, focusing on the word pair "гнів/злість" (hniv/zlist ‘wrath/spite’) as key terms. The study uses both manual and computer-based analyses of metaphorical and metonymical expressions, drawing from Ukrainian phraseological dictionaries and the General Regional Annotated Corpus of Ukrainian. The findings reveal patterns in the conceptualization of ANGER, highlighting both universal and culturally specific constructions of emotional knowledge. Idiomatic expressions for hniv/zlist reflect a folk understanding of anger as responses that condemn inappropriate behavior, injustice, or mistreatment. Though not the most prominent aspect, actionality is significant and appears in source domains like WEAPON, SUPERIOR, and SOURNESS/BITTERNESS. Key metonymies include AN ACT OF VIOLENCE, STRONG CRITICISM, and AGGRESSIVE SYMBOLIC BEHAVIOR for hniv/zlist. The token-based analysis conducted in this study shows that злість (zlist ‘spite’) and гнів (hniv ‘wrath’) are interchangeable in most expressions. However, zlist is uniquely associated with the domains of POSSESSOR, SUBSTANCE, and POISON, indicating features of accumulation and qualitative change. Hniv, on the other hand, is mainly found in the domain of CAPTIVE. Additionally, the study finds that the physiological experience of anger serves as the primary source for metaphor motivation. Metonymies based on physiological responses (REDNESS IN THE FACE, REFLEX PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE, AN OBSTRUCTION IN THE THROAT, and INABILITY TO MOVE or SEE PROPERLY) demonstrate the influence of bodily context. Situational contexts further shape environmental experiences, leading to culturally specific expressions, such as thunderstorms for NATURAL FORCE and forests or fields for A CONTAINER OUTSIDE THE BODY. The study also highlights that the historical concept of ENEMY is deeply embedded in the national consciousness, linked to invasion and confrontation. This connection influences the conceptualization of ANGER through antagonistic relationships, aiming to control and mitigate its destructive force. Finally, the discourse contexts analyzed in the study significantly influence the evolution of ANGER concepts. Local context-driven metaphors can become core national concepts, as seen with the rise of the metaphor HNIV/ZLIST IS A RESOURCE, or become obsolete, as in the domains of BOOK, CAPTIVE, POISON, and COLD.